Thursday, December 26, 2019

Essay on Problems with American Education Today - 589 Words

According to Dudley Devlin writes that high schools education in America has three main problems public vs. private schools, high stakes tests, and laws forcing students to say the pledge of allegiance and take a course in U.S patriotism. In first paragraph, he explained that high school students need to know about US history but at the same time they need to know about other cultures because the education is becoming narrower and students becoming less knowledge. For example, instead students learn about America or Europe history, they need to know about Asia and Africa history. In addition Professor Martha support his idea about the international education. Also, universities around the states have courses about America’s place in the†¦show more content†¦are located, because we have classes about world geography and Oman geography at the same time. From this experience that I had, makes me I agree with author to enhance students global knowledge. The author idea was to change education system in high schools to be more open about other cultures than just focus in America culture. Second, issue is the courses in the states university. Dudley says the courses in universities around the states are focusing about America affect on world not about other cultures. The affect of this courses in my opinion, is American students often treated the foreign students according to the stereotype of the country or religion. In addition, the stereotype is really a big problem that could makes walls between American and foreign students. From experiences, people judge me because I’m wearing scarf and the stereotype about my religion that we are terrorism. For example, one of my classmates said for me â€Å"I was afraid from you because I thought you will harm or do something bad for me because you wearing scarf†. The media increases these stereotypes, and American media has a lot about terrorism. However, the education can change these ide as. If the education gives students information about the other cultures history, and how the people live there its might help to clear the misunderstanding. What did happen with me makes me feel sad because some people still have this idea about my religion even there are AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe American Of African Americans1433 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction African Americans were once a target of slavery in the United States. Slavery was abolished with the creation of the 13th Amendment, but after that, came segregation among white people and African Americans. African Americans had to suffer from Jim Crow laws that prevented them from being treated the same as white people. Jim Crow laws lasted for about 80 years until all were abolished. Despite all the difficulties African Americans had to face in the past, African Americans had a huge roleRead MoreThe Ballot Or The Bullet By Malcolm X1352 Words   |  6 Pageshuman rights, and all African Americans are â€Å"justified in seeking civil rights, if it means equality of opportunity†(Malcolm X 362). When using Malcolm X’s definition of civil/human rights, it is clear that even in society today, not all races have reached equality. African Americans are still fighting for equal opportunity in the education system and economic status in American society. In Malcolm X’s speech, he believes human rights should allow African Americans to have equal opportunity as theirRead MoreRacism And Racism1175 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history includes horrific acts committed against minorities, ones specifically committed by white Americans.. For example, the institution of slavery allowed for the harsh treatment of blacks in America, with no repercussions for whites. However, over time, an abolitionist movement grew, bringing about prominent members, such as, Frederick Douglass. After fleeing slavery in Maryland, he began to speak and write for the abolitionist cause. In his memoir, The Narrative of the Life of FrederickRead MoreAmericanization Of The American Dream1457 Words   |  6 PagesAmericanization in Education The history of Americanization is long and complex, with beginnings in the late 19th century and the dawn of the 20th century. According to Galindo (2011), â€Å"Americanization was an umbrella term that encompassed different groups and programs as well as the different approaches adopted by these groups.† Massive amounts of immigrants were pouring into America via New York City, inspired by visions of freedom and the American Dream, as well as a desire by many to escapeRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1354 Words   |  6 PagesEducation: The Key to Success â€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.† If one accepts the quote by John Dewey to be true, then depriving someone of their education is depriving them of their life. Throughout the centuries, human beings have sought educational freedom. The United States of America has become a symbol for all who seek life, or education rather. Millions of people come to the United States, from less privileged countries, each year in hopes for a better educationRead MoreThe Cycle Of Illiteracy And Illiteracy984 Words   |  4 PagesIlliteracy has always been a problem in society in various ways that I believe, can only be frowned upon. Events in the past and present days emphasize the importance of basic education focusing in literacy as an essential part of our society. An experience as simple as a parent being illiterate can have a ripple effect on their children. Such as, my grandfather, who was raised in Mexico and was taught that labor to provide for h is family was of higher importance than education and literacy ever wouldRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1350 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.† If one accepts the quote by John Dewey to be true, then depriving someone of their education is depriving them of their life. Throughout the centuries, human beings have sought educational freedom. The United States of America has become a symbol for all who seek life, or education rather. Millions of people come to the United States, from less privileged countries, each year in hopes for a better education that is coupled with aRead MoreAfrican Americans And Its Impact On Society1589 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Americans have been through so much since being uprooted from their home in Africa. Most people do not understand what happened to African Americans and they understand what they had to go through to be where they are today. It went from being kings in the comfort of their home to being thrown on a boat packed like sardines to be forced to work in the fields. The trip was a massacre itself because many did not make it due to the treatment from others. African Americans have always been treatedRead MoreBooker T Washington And W. E. B. Dubois Persuasive Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesright to education, no freedom of speech or religion, no fair treatment by the law which means there was no equality. Even though these are rights and principles of the American Constitution, these did not apply to all races during the 19th and 20th centuries, especially African Americans. Even though these are rights that should apply to all people African Americans didn’t not apply to these laws, especially in the Southern United States. Black Americans were not seen as equal to white Americans underRead MoreEssay on American Education in the 1800s725 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican Education in the 1800s In the early 1800’s education in America grew and developed rapidly, largely because of the works of three very important men: Noah Webster, William McGuffey, and Horace Mann. These three men were catalysts for the growth of education throughout the nineteenth century, and without them the large strides America took during this time would not have occurred. These great men all shared one goal: to educate the youth of America as well as possible. This was no small

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Explanation of Crime - 2232 Words

Name of Course: The Explanation of Crime Code of Course: CMY3701 Semester Code: 02 - Second Semester Assignment Number: 01 - Compulsory Student Name: Rià «tte du Bruyn Student Number: 4238-255-6 Unique Number: 363036 Assignment Closing Date: 22 August 2013 Rational Choice Theory Table of Contents Section A: 15 marks 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Definition of Rational Choice 3 3. The Six propositions of Rational Choice (Joubert 2009:19-20) 3 3.1 First: Crimes are deliberate acts, committed with the intention of benefiting the offender 3 3.2 Second: Offenders try to make the best decisions they can, given the risks and uncertainty involved 3 3.3 Third: Offender decision-making varies considerably according to the nature of the†¦show more content†¦They will decide if committing the crime and being caught is worth the personal gain of the crime. They will sometimes have clouded judgement about crime due to bounded rationality. This recognizes that in the real world, action often has to be taken on the basis of decisions made under less than perfect circumstances. Criminal decision-making is by its very nature, likely to be prone to error because of the constraints under which it often has to operate. Example: A burglar (that needs money) that burglars someone`s home (For example his previous boss`s house that is situated in a security complex with 24 hour guards) because he hates his boss (He owes him a great deal of money) even though there are much more easier houses to have access too. (Example of student) 3.3 Third: Offender decision-making varies considerably according to the nature of the crime Offenders make varied decisions based on the type of crime being considered. The offenders` decision-making process is different for each crime. The analysis of decision-making thus needs to be made with reference to specific categories of crime. It is constrained by the time available, by the availability of relevant information and by the offender’s own cognitive abilities. Example: Hackers took $45 Million in A.T.M. Scheme. Cybercriminals needShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness of the Individual Explanation in Comparison to Social Explanation of Crime937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe effectiveness of the individual explanation in comparison to social explanation of crimes, I will draw upon the theory of positivism and strain. There are controversies in which evaluation is the most effective. Unquestionably, both standpoints do have it limitations and strength, I will draw upon case examples and researches of both views in order to critically assess both effectiveness in explaining the occurrence of crimes. Individual explanation of crime is an approach ought to convey thatRead MoreThe Biological and Sociological Explanations of Crime1303 Words   |  5 Pageswill be aiming to accurately compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of both the biological and sociological explanations of crime. Firstly, I will give a brief overview of what both the biological and sociological explanations of crime mean. I will then create a paragraph that explains the strengths and weaknesses of the theories within the biological explanation of crime; such as Lombroso’s ‘Criminal Man theory’ and Sheldon’s ‘body type’ theory Chromosome’ theory as they are relativelyRead MoreExplanation to Crime and Deviancy Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages True Crime or Moral Panic? Evaluate and apply sociological theories relating to crime and deviance Explanations of Crime and Deviancy Crime - an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Deviance-the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. Crime and deviance are seemingly effortlessly defined by the Oxford dictionary. However sociological prospectives have differing views on crime and the explanationsRead MoreEssay on An Explanation of Corporate Crime856 Words   |  4 PagesAn Explanation of Corporate Crime This analytical source review will analyse and detail the views and opinions of four different sources including: The sociology of corporate crime: an obituary, Corporate Crime, Corporate Crime at the tip of the iceberg and White Collar and Corporate Crime. The topic this review will be primarily concerned with is corporate crime, the topic will be examined and the notion of ignorance towards the subject will be addressed. HoweverRead MoreOutline and Assess Marxist Explanations of Crime1208 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and assess Marxist explanations of crime Marxist and neo-Marxist approaches and explanations of crime are arguably some of the most controversial, for the reason that they state that it is the ruling class that is responsible for criminalising the working classes, which goes directly against what official statistics and Functionalists believe. However, Marxism and Functionalism do share a similarity in that both believe structures and institutions of society play a very important roleRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Functionalist Explanation of Crime.1442 Words   |  6 Pagessees the source of crime and deviance located in the structure of society. Although crime and deviance might be stigmatised in society, some sociologist think it is important to have it occur and there are some benefits to it. Durkheim (1982) argued that crime is an inevitable feature of social life, because individuals are composed to different influences and circumstances, and so not everyone can be equally committed to the shared values and moral beliefs of society. Despite crime and deviance’s threatRead MoreSce1: Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime1502 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological-pertaining  to  the  mind  or  to  mental  phenomena  as  the subject  matter  of  psychology. -To account for criminal motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain human intellectual and emotional development. These theories can be divided into three categories: a. Moral Development Theories describe a sequence of developmental stages that peopleRead MoreOutline and Assess Marxist Explanations of the Causes of Crime719 Words   |  3 PagesOutline and assess Marxist explanations of the causes of crime (50 marks) It is to a large extent that Marxism is a useful theory in explaining the causes of crime. This is because it highlights the inequalities in society and how the ruling class owns the means of production. This fails to show reasons why not everyone is facing status frustration and lower income turn to crime. One way in which Marxism is a useful theory for explaining the causes of crime is the concept of capitalism, criminogenicRead MoreWhite Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of Criminality1010 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Kinds of Problems do White Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of Criminality Until relatively recently, the concept of the criminal was that of a person who, somehow disadvantaged and disenfranchised from society, decided to ignore societal laws and concentrate on increasing his personal worth at the expense of society. The idea of the criminal as the outsider became an accepted part of criminological theory, so much so that almost all modern theories of criminology focus onRead MoreOutline and Assess Sociological Explanations of Gender Difference in Patterns of Crime.2210 Words   |  9 PagesCrime is the when an individual or group commit an act against the law. Deviance is an act that is against the social norm and is labelled as deviant. Official statistics have proven that 80% of all crimes are committed by males. However the study of criminology have tended to be dominated by males, therefore the studies are done by men about men. The official statistics suggest that gender is perhaps the most significant single factor in whether an individual is conv icted of crime. The official

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Cloud Architecture That Will Be Used Will Include Hybrid Cloud

Question: Explain Cloud Architecture That Will Be Used Will Include Hybrid Cloud? Answer: Introduction SoftArc Engineering Ltd is an Australian Company that has its domain in civil engineering. The company has decided to close it data centre that is currently located in Brisbane and has decided to shift the same in Sydney that is technically advanced. Also, the web services have been decided to be migrated on a cloud platform. The document covers the details and strategies that the organization should follow. Cloud Architecture Reasons for Deployment The cloud architecture that will be used will include Hybrid cloud as the deployment model as it will align with the business strategies. It is an integrated cloud computing model that will include certain parts of the information associated with the data centre to be stored on-premise and rest of the information to be present on the cloud. It is the model that will allow the organization to enhance its capability be easily aggregating and assembling with rest of the packages and will fit as per the business requirements and strategies (Tarannum, Ahmed, 2013). The delivery model that will be used in case of SoftArc Engineering Ltd will be Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model. It has been selected for the organization because of its features that have been listed below. It is the model that will allow accessibility to more than one user simultaneously leading to enhanced multi-tasking without any issues in the performance The model will allow the organization to carry out dynamic scaling which will allow the architecture and the associated components to be scaled up or down as per the requirement The cost that will come with model will be low Distributed resources will be used and will be associated with this model Benefits and Issues of Hybrid Cloud There will be several benefits that will be caused because of the deployment of hybrid cloud in the cloud architecture of the organization. This particular model will demand lesser funds and money in terms of the infrastructure which would allow the money to be spent on other areas. The security that will come along with hybrid cloud will also be better than the rest of the models and counterparts. The agility and flexibility associated with the organization will also improve as this particular model is scalable in nature. It will also allow enhanced form of accessibility which will lead to better customer satisfaction (Boava, Iano, 2016). However, there may also be certain issues that may come up with the deployment of hybrid cloud in the architecture. These issues will be in the form of the security concerns and issues along with the required set of skills for executing the cloud services. Data and application integration may also emerge as one of the challenges for the system analysts and experts. Risks and Countermeasures There may be a number of security and other risks that may emerge with the hybrid cloud strategy that have been described in the table below. Name of the Risk Description Possible Countermeasure Shared Access One of the prime features that come along with hybrid cloud is that of multi-tenancy along with multi-tasking of the cloud services and components. There are scenarios in which shared access is provided to the users which lead to the emergence of a lot many problems. There are several users that simultaneously access the cloud and there are several associated resources that are shared such as memory, database, equipment and many more. There may be emergence of various risks because of this reason such as the ones related with spoofing and IP addresses. Security and privacy of the information may get impacted because of the same (Padmavathi, 2016). There shall be access and identity right allotted to each of the user along with a dedicated timeframe to make use of the resource. Tracking and monitoring of the same shall be performed regularly. Cost and Schedule Risks There are various components that are involved with hybrid cloud and there is a cost that is involved with each of these components. It becomes difficult to estimate these costs and the associated schedule that leads to various issues for the management. There is always an uncertainty associated with the cloud because of this reason. It will be required to carry out detailed planning in order to make sure that the cost and schedule estimations are carried out in presence of an expert Legal Risks There will be a lot of information that will be stored on the hybrid cloud. This information may belong to several categories such as private, confidential, sensitive and likewise. Any violation in the properties of these information types will lead to legal obligations and issues. Legal policies and regulations shall be applied along with the enhancement of the security infrastructure to make sure that any such risks are not executed Security Risks Cloud data is present and accessible over the network which leads to several threats and risks associated with the access and authentication of the user. There may be several security risks in the form of network security attacks that may be given shape by the malicious entities and these entities may attempt to violate the access and identity controls that are implemented. Such an occurrence will lead to emergence of information security risks and threats. It will be necessary to enhance the overall security architecture to make sure that the security risks are avoided and it will be essential to adapt administrative as well as technical controls to make sure that the security risks are not executed by the attackers Availability Risks Availability of the cloud will be essential for the smooth functioning of the related operations. The availability may be hampered by the execution of various attacks on the cloud services and cloud model which may lead to deterioration of the reputation It will be necessary to enhance the overall security architecture to make sure that the security risks are avoided and it will be essential to adapt administrative as well as technical controls to make sure that the security risks are not executed by the attackers (Al-Rashedi, 2014) Data Ownership and Authority Risks Hybrid cloud will be composed of several users and the data will belong to many users. There may be risks of data ownership along with data authority that may emerge There shall be user roles and privileges defined and the same shall be carried out by the administrator General Security Steps There are primarily three steps to security that will be required to undertake. These three steps will include administrative, logical and physical security steps. Administrative steps shall include the enhancement of evaluation and validation checks along with their frequency to make sure that the progress is being done without any deviations. There shall also be reviews and audits that shall be carried out by the senior management along with the experts (Benkhelifa, Fernando, Welsh, 2013). Technical security will make up for the logical steps that will include the execution of measures such as use of automated tools and packages for prevention and detection of attacks, enhanced authentication and access control and likewise. Physical security shall also be improved by making use of the enhanced form of physical control over the entry and access points to avoid the attacks (Gordon, 2016). Components and Requirements Application Resilience In association with the requirements of the SoftArc Engineering Ltd, there are a few high availability requirements that will be met with the use of hybrid cloud and its deployment. There are a number of availability zones along with load balancing and dynamic scaling that is associated with this cloud model which will make sure that the application resilience is maintained and reflected (Varadharajan, Tupakula, 2016). Fault tolerance will be installed that will make sure that there is no single point of failure present in the clpud model There will be use of best practices and adherance to the defined standards will also be ensured Storage options that will come along with the model will be ample for data storage on the cloud Backup and Disaster Recovery There may be various security risks that may be given shape by the attackers and it will be necessary to include the backup and disaster recovery options in the cloud architecture. The backup model that comes along with hybrid cloud comprises of frequent and automated backup to make sure that the risks and attacks may be avoided. The disaster recovery plan that will be designed for the hybrid cloud and the one that will make sure that it applies to the same will include the following measures Preventative The basic form of security will be enhanced so that there is no occurrence of the security risk or an attack. Reactive These will be the measures and mechanisms that will be followed to minimize the damage. Detective Detection of the intruders using automated tools and packages will also be incorporated (Linthicum, 2016). Administrative Enhancement of the policies and the frameworks will be done to make sure that the checks and validations are performed. Remote Server Administration Administrators will be provided with the ability to remotely monitor the hybrid cloud along with all of its components. In case of remote server administrator, the common issues that come up are in the form of scalability and accessibility of the services and applications. However, in the case of hybrid cloud, there is dynamic scaling along with greater flexibility associated which makes sure that remote server administration is possible (Tarannum, Ahmed, 2013). There may be issues with the security and the strength of the evaluation process which will be made sure with the aid of protection mechanisms. Resource Management There will be several resources that will be involved with the hybrid cloud and these resources will be aptly managed. There will be an equilibrium that will be created between all of the employees and the resources that will be associated and time management along with change management will also be handled efficiently. Hybrid cloud has the mechanism to carry out required set of policies and administrative checks which will be done to make sure that the resources are adequately managed. SLA Management The following set of factors will be considered for SLA management in the organization. The services that have bee agreed upon between the cloud provider and SoftArc Engineering Ltd Duties and responsibilities that are allocated to the project resources Internal partners and their involvement Cost and details of the features that are implemented The above components that are associated with the hybrid cloud will be compatible with either of the IaaS or PaaS model of cloud. Migration to AWS It has been decided that the SharePoint location along with the SQL Server that has been deployed in the organization shall be moved to the AWS cloud which stands for Amazon Web Services. The following steps shall be taken to complete the process as these steps will make sure that the migration process is completed successfully without any risks and the business objectives are achieved. Planning phase shall be carried out with the definition of scope, goals, assumptions and dependencies. There shall be an analysis of the risks along with their treatment strategy that must be defined (Sekaran, Krishna, 2016). The migration process shall be carried out in a series of phases rather than all at once. Validations and verifications on the performance and compatibility checks shall be carried out. Next series of migration shall be executed after the completion of first iteration. Conclusion Cloud computing is an integral part of the modern day businesses and it is essential to make sure that the cloud models and architecture is applied across the organizations. SoftArc Engineering Ltd has taken step to move to the cloud by enhancing its cloud architecture with the incorporation of hybrid cloud along with IaaS model. There are several issues and risks that may be associated with the procedure that shall be handled with the aid of proper measures along with the enhancement of security. References Al-Rashedi, A. (2014). E-Government Based on Cloud Computing and Service-Oriented Architecture. International Journal Of Computer And Electrical Engineering, 6(3), 201-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcee.2014.v6.822 Benkhelifa, E., Fernando, D., Welsh, T. (2013). A Novel Cloud-Based Multi-Tenancy Architecture with Efficient Hybrid Authentication Mechanism for Enhanced Security and Resource Optimization. International Journal Of Cloud Applications And Computing, 3(3), 34-49. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcac.2013070103 Boava, A., Iano, Y. (2016). Secure Inter-Cloud architecture for virtual cloud computing based on hybrid IP and MPLS infrastructure solution. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14(7), 3490-3495. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2016.7587659 Gordon, A. (2016). The Hybrid Cloud Security Professional. IEEE Cloud Computing, 3(1), 82-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcc.2016.21 Linthicum, D. (2016). Emerging Hybrid Cloud Patterns. IEEE Cloud Computing, 3(1), 88-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcc.2016.22 Padmavathi, B. (2016). Implementation of IOT Based Health Care Solution Based on Cloud Computing. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science. https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v5i9.23 Sekaran, K., Krishna, P. (2016). Big Cloud: a hybrid cloud model for secure data storage through cloud space. International Journal Of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 8(2), 229. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2016.075731 Tarannum, N., Ahmed, N. (2013). Efficient and Reliable Hybrid Cloud Architecture for Big Database. International Journal On Cloud Computing: Services And Architecture, 3(6), 17-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijccsa.2013.3602 Tarannum, N., Ahmed, N. (2013). Efficient and Reliable Hybrid Cloud Architecture for Big Database. International Journal On Cloud Computing: Services And Architecture, 3(6), 17-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijccsa.2013.3602 Varadharajan, V., Tupakula, U. (2016). On the Design and Implementation of an Integrated Security Architecture for Cloud with Improved Resilience. IEEE Transactions On Cloud Computing, 1-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2016.2535320

Monday, December 2, 2019

Juvenile Justice System vs. Adult Justice System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Juvenile Justice System vs. Adult Justice System by Expert Tutor Maya | 22 Dec 2016 Juvenile delinquency has been a growing complicated issue around the world. Thus, a clearer view and understanding of juvenile delinquency is necessary to put an end to this problem among youth. Today, many developing countries take time to develop solutions and programs to resolve it. Well-developed countries also engage themselves in programs the aim of which is to prevent juvenile crimes. Need essay sample on "Juvenile Justice System vs. Adult Justice System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper? Specialists propose: Academic Papers For Students Definition and Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile delinquency is a legal term for behavior of children and adolescents that adults would be judged criminal under law. It varies between the age of 14 to 21 (Juvenile, 2007). Juvenile delinquency is often committed by an inpidual between the age of 12 and 20. This covers various violations against legal and social norms. Most common cases of juvenile delinquency involve rape, robbery, and theft, most of which are group crimes. This is because adolescence is the period when a person starts to have his own circle of friends and be involved in group activities to feel a sense of belongingness. The United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency asserts that: youthful behavior or conduct that does not conform to overall social norms and values is often part of the maturation and growth process and tends to disappear spontaneously in most inpiduals with the transition to adulthood; a great majority of young people commit some kind of petty offense at some point during their adolescence without this turning into a criminal career in the long term (The Riyadh Guide, 1990). The transition from childhood to adolescence is determined by certain factors when it comes to relationship. The youth of today tend to become too aggressive towards the environment and the people they interact with. All are subject to risks regardless of gender, age, or social origin. However, during this stage of development, the criminal personality may start to develop, which can lead to delinquent behavior and commitment of crimes. Creation of the Juvenile Justice System In the United States, the first juvenile justice system was drafted during the Age of Enlightenment, sometime during the late 1800s. It was created in response to the growing problem regarding the youth offenders (Age of Enlightenment, 2006). After the idea was introduced, the juvenile justice system underwent many reforms. It was established as a separate system from the adult justice system. They have similarities and differences that made controversies in treating juvenile and adult offenders. Current Trend of Juvenile Justice System A series of juvenile justice systems have been implemented in countries worldwide in order to discipline the youth the way adult criminals are given punishment according to the governing laws of the country. The juvenile justice system is different from the adult criminal justice system in many ways. There are lighter provisions and penalties for a youth offender. There are certain constitutional rights for a criminal defendant available to an adult offender that may not be available for a juvenile offender. There are also different procedures for a juvenile trial based on court procedures. Juvenile probation officers are vital in every case of juvenile delinquency activities. In most systems, once a juvenile offender is found guilty of a certain act, there is a rehabilitation process and disciplinary measures provided. Difference of Juvenile and Adult Justice System One the main differences of the juvenile justice system and adult justice system is that the juvenile offender is branded as a status offender. Calderon (2006) defines a status offender as someone charged with an offense that would not be a crime if committed by an adult (Calderon, 2006). For instance, drinking alcoholic beverages while under the legal drinking age is a violation that covers only the underage. Thus, this status offense is included in the juvenile justice system. These laws that are aimed at preventing status offenses are a conscientious of society in preventing future harm to children and the community[;] [they are] not just for disciplinary actions (Calderon, 2006). As a status offender, the laws of the juvenile justice system have the authority to issue warning, citations, and referrals to the offender. These status offenses are considered as driving factors for them to grow as adult criminals. In order to discipline the juvenile offender, community-based treatment programs and prohibiting incarceration [have] been the known practice. Arrests can occur but long-term incarceration is not practiced. In certain cases, detention is needed for further processing (Calderon, 2006). Another difference of the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system lies on the role of the law enforcement officials. For the adult justice system, the arrest and investigation process are prioritized. However, for the juvenile justice process, the law enforcers are the ones who govern the youth offenders as they perform social service duties. This paves the way for the great change in the lives of the young criminals. There is also a difference in the arrest process. Compared to the juvenile justice system, the adult criminal justice system is more serious and aggressive (Juszkiewicz, 2006). Constitutional Rights of Adult Offenders After the arrest process, the hearing process takes place. There is no bail system for juvenile criminals unlike the adult criminals. The juvenile court will decide if the child will remain under his or her parents custody or he or she will be detained in a certain custody agreed upon by the court. Siegal (2002) reports that most [of the] States refuse juveniles the right to bail. Non-participating States argue that juvenile proceedings are civil, not criminal, and that detention is rehabilitative, not punitive (p. 320). Moreover, they argue that juveniles do not need a constitutional right to bail because statutory provisions allow children to be released into parental custody (Siegal, 2002, p. 320). In adult cases, the bailing process is applicable. Juvenile Court Procedure During the indictment process, there is a similarity to both juvenile and adult justice system. The jurisdictional hearing for juveniles and adult criminals are held within 15 days. For juvenile offenders, hearing days are extended up to 30 days if they are not in custody. However, despite the speedy right to trial, adult criminal proceedings can take up much longer time due to many factors: change of venue, new motion for new evidence as well as many other factors (Calderon, 2006). The juvenile court hearing is more private than the adult hearing, so as not to make it traumatizing for the young offender. After all, the main goal of juvenile justice system is not to condemn the youth but to discipline and rehabilitate them. Social workers or juvenile justice officers are responsible in giving detention to the offenders and put them in certain institutions and rehabilitations that will help them enhance their way of livings. They are also encouraged to continue their studies and are educated about the moral behavior to be observed. Separating the Juvenile Justice System Personally, I believe that there should be a separate system between the juvenile and adult justice system. One great problem in other countries is that youth offenders are mixed with adult criminals in jails. This is because their government lacks the necessary fund to provide a separate cell for detained juveniles. Almost all experts agree that placing children under the age of 18 in any type of jail facility should be prohibited because youngsters can easily be victimized by other inmates and staff, be forced to live in squalid conditions, and be subject to physical and sexual abuse (Siegal, 2002, p. 320). There is a high risk of juvenile to be victimized by adult criminals either physically or sexually abused.> References Age of Enlightenment. (2006). WNEC Faculty Homepages. Retrieved February 11, 2008 Calderon, M. (2006). A reflective comparison of the juvenile criminal justice system v. the adult criminal justice system. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from: http://www.anairhoads.org/calderon/juvadult.shtml Juszkiewicz, J. (2006). Youth crime/adult time: is justice served? Building Blocks of Youth. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from: http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/ycat/ycat.html Juvenile delinquency (2007). The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-juvenil-d.html Siegal, L. (2002). Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 318-325. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (1990). The Riyadh Guidelines. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp47.htm.